V tej vadnici boste izvedeli, kako deluje Huffmanovo kodiranje. Prav tako boste našli delovne primere Huffmanovega kodiranja v jeziku C, C ++, Java in Python.
Huffmanovo kodiranje je tehnika stiskanja podatkov za zmanjšanje njihove velikosti brez izgube podrobnosti. Prvič ga je razvil David Huffman.
Huffmanovo kodiranje je na splošno koristno za stiskanje podatkov, v katerih so pogosto pojavljajoči se znaki.
Kako deluje Huffman Coding?
Recimo, da bo spodnji niz poslan po omrežju.
Začetni niz
Vsak znak zaseda 8 bitov. V zgornjem nizu je skupaj 15 znakov. Tako je 8 * 15 = 120za pošiljanje tega niza potrebno skupno bitov.
S pomočjo tehnike Huffman Coding lahko niz stisnemo v manjšo velikost.
Huffmanovo kodiranje najprej ustvari drevo z uporabo frekvenc znaka, nato pa ustvari kodo za vsak znak.
Ko so podatki kodirani, jih je treba dekodirati. Dekodiranje se izvede z istim drevesom.
Huffman Coding preprečuje kakršne koli dvoumnosti v postopku dekodiranja s konceptom kode predpone, tj. koda, povezana z znakom, ne sme biti v predponi katere koli druge kode. Zgoraj ustvarjeno drevo pomaga pri vzdrževanju posesti.
Huffmanovo kodiranje poteka s pomočjo naslednjih korakov.
- Izračunajte pogostost vsakega znaka v nizu.
Pogostost niza - Razvrsti znake v naraščajočem vrstnem redu po pogostosti. Ti so shranjeni v prednostni vrsti Q.
Znaki, razvrščeni glede na pogostost - Vsak unikatni znak naj bo kot listno vozlišče.
- Ustvari prazno vozlišče z. Določite najmanjšo frekvenco levemu podrejenemu otroka z, drugi najnižji frekvenci pa desnemu otroku z Vrednost z nastavite kot vsoto zgornjih dveh najmanjših frekvenc.
Pridobivanje vsote najmanjših števil - Odstranite ti dve najmanjši frekvenci iz Q in vsoto dodajte na seznam frekvenc (* označite notranja vozlišča na zgornji sliki).
- V drevo vstavite vozlišče z.
- Ponovite korake od 3 do 5 za vse znake.
Ponovite korake od 3 do 5 za vse znake. 
Ponovite korake od 3 do 5 za vse znake. - Za vsako nelistno vozlišče dodelite 0 levemu robu in 1 desnemu robu.
Levemu robu dodelite 0, desnemu pa 1
Za pošiljanje zgornjega niza po omrežju moramo poslati drevo in zgornjo stisnjeno kodo. Skupna velikost je navedena v spodnji tabeli.
| Značaj | Pogostost | Koda | Velikost |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | 5. | 11. | 5 * 2 = 10 |
| B | 1. | 100 | 1 * 3 = 3 |
| C | 6. | 0 | 6 * 1 = 6 |
| D | 3. | 101 | 3 * 3 = 9 |
| 4 * 8 = 32 bitov | 15 bitov | 28 bitov |
Brez kodiranja je bila skupna velikost niza 120 bitov. Po kodiranju se velikost zmanjša na 32 + 15 + 28 = 75.
Dekodiranje kode
Za dekodiranje kode lahko vzamemo kodo in se pomaknemo skozi drevo, da poiščemo znak.
Naj bo številka 101 dekodirana, prehodimo jo lahko iz korena, kot je na spodnji sliki.
Dekodiranje
Huffmanov algoritem kodiranja
ustvari prednostno vrsto Q, sestavljeno iz vsakega unikatnega znaka. nato razvrsti po naraščajočem vrstnem redu njihovih frekvenc. za vse unikatne znake: ustvarite novo izvleček minimalne vrednosti iz Q in jo dodelite leftChild of newNode izvlecite najmanjšo vrednost iz Q in jo dodelite rightChild of newNode izračunajte vsoto teh dveh najmanjših vrednosti in jo dodelite vrednosti vstavite novoNode to newNode v drevo vrne rootNode
Primeri Python, Java in C / C ++
Python Java C C ++ # Huffman Coding in python string = 'BCAADDDCCACACAC' # Creating tree nodes class NodeTree(object): def __init__(self, left=None, right=None): self.left = left self.right = right def children(self): return (self.left, self.right) def nodes(self): return (self.left, self.right) def __str__(self): return '%s_%s' % (self.left, self.right) # Main function implementing huffman coding def huffman_code_tree(node, left=True, binString=''): if type(node) is str: return (node: binString) (l, r) = node.children() d = dict() d.update(huffman_code_tree(l, True, binString + '0')) d.update(huffman_code_tree(r, False, binString + '1')) return d # Calculating frequency freq = () for c in string: if c in freq: freq(c) += 1 else: freq(c) = 1 freq = sorted(freq.items(), key=lambda x: x(1), reverse=True) nodes = freq while len(nodes)> 1: (key1, c1) = nodes(-1) (key2, c2) = nodes(-2) nodes = nodes(:-2) node = NodeTree(key1, key2) nodes.append((node, c1 + c2)) nodes = sorted(nodes, key=lambda x: x(1), reverse=True) huffmanCode = huffman_code_tree(nodes(0)(0)) print(' Char | Huffman code ') print('----------------------') for (char, frequency) in freq: print(' %-4r |%12s' % (char, huffmanCode(char)))
// Huffman Coding in Java import java.util.PriorityQueue; import java.util.Comparator; class HuffmanNode ( int item; char c; HuffmanNode left; HuffmanNode right; ) // For comparing the nodes class ImplementComparator implements Comparator ( public int compare(HuffmanNode x, HuffmanNode y) ( return x.item - y.item; ) ) // IMplementing the huffman algorithm public class Huffman ( public static void printCode(HuffmanNode root, String s) ( if (root.left == null && root.right == null && Character.isLetter(root.c)) ( System.out.println(root.c + " | " + s); return; ) printCode(root.left, s + "0"); printCode(root.right, s + "1"); ) public static void main(String() args) ( int n = 4; char() charArray = ( 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D' ); int() charfreq = ( 5, 1, 6, 3 ); PriorityQueue q = new PriorityQueue(n, new ImplementComparator()); for (int i = 0; i 1) ( HuffmanNode x = q.peek(); q.poll(); HuffmanNode y = q.peek(); q.poll(); HuffmanNode f = new HuffmanNode(); f.item = x.item + y.item; f.c = '-'; f.left = x; f.right = y; root = f; q.add(f); ) System.out.println(" Char | Huffman code "); System.out.println("--------------------"); printCode(root, ""); ) )
// Huffman Coding in C #include #include #define MAX_TREE_HT 50 struct MinHNode ( char item; unsigned freq; struct MinHNode *left, *right; ); struct MinHeap ( unsigned size; unsigned capacity; struct MinHNode **array; ); // Create nodes struct MinHNode *newNode(char item, unsigned freq) ( struct MinHNode *temp = (struct MinHNode *)malloc(sizeof(struct MinHNode)); temp->left = temp->right = NULL; temp->item = item; temp->freq = freq; return temp; ) // Create min heap struct MinHeap *createMinH(unsigned capacity) ( struct MinHeap *minHeap = (struct MinHeap *)malloc(sizeof(struct MinHeap)); minHeap->size = 0; minHeap->capacity = capacity; minHeap->array = (struct MinHNode **)malloc(minHeap->capacity * sizeof(struct MinHNode *)); return minHeap; ) // Function to swap void swapMinHNode(struct MinHNode **a, struct MinHNode **b) ( struct MinHNode *t = *a; *a = *b; *b = t; ) // Heapify void minHeapify(struct MinHeap *minHeap, int idx) ( int smallest = idx; int left = 2 * idx + 1; int right = 2 * idx + 2; if (left size && minHeap->array(left)->freq array(smallest)->freq) smallest = left; if (right size && minHeap->array(right)->freq array(smallest)->freq) smallest = right; if (smallest != idx) ( swapMinHNode(&minHeap->array(smallest), &minHeap->array(idx)); minHeapify(minHeap, smallest); ) ) // Check if size if 1 int checkSizeOne(struct MinHeap *minHeap) ( return (minHeap->size == 1); ) // Extract min struct MinHNode *extractMin(struct MinHeap *minHeap) ( struct MinHNode *temp = minHeap->array(0); minHeap->array(0) = minHeap->array(minHeap->size - 1); --minHeap->size; minHeapify(minHeap, 0); return temp; ) // Insertion function void insertMinHeap(struct MinHeap *minHeap, struct MinHNode *minHeapNode) ( ++minHeap->size; int i = minHeap->size - 1; while (i && minHeapNode->freq array((i - 1) / 2)->freq) ( minHeap->array(i) = minHeap->array((i - 1) / 2); i = (i - 1) / 2; ) minHeap->array(i) = minHeapNode; ) void buildMinHeap(struct MinHeap *minHeap) ( int n = minHeap->size - 1; int i; for (i = (n - 1) / 2; i>= 0; --i) minHeapify(minHeap, i); ) int isLeaf(struct MinHNode *root) ( return !(root->left) && !(root->right); ) struct MinHeap *createAndBuildMinHeap(char item(), int freq(), int size) ( struct MinHeap *minHeap = createMinH(size); for (int i = 0; i array(i) = newNode(item(i), freq(i)); minHeap->size = size; buildMinHeap(minHeap); return minHeap; ) struct MinHNode *buildHuffmanTree(char item(), int freq(), int size) ( struct MinHNode *left, *right, *top; struct MinHeap *minHeap = createAndBuildMinHeap(item, freq, size); while (!checkSizeOne(minHeap)) ( left = extractMin(minHeap); right = extractMin(minHeap); top = newNode('$', left->freq + right->freq); top->left = left; top->right = right; insertMinHeap(minHeap, top); ) return extractMin(minHeap); ) void printHCodes(struct MinHNode *root, int arr(), int top) ( if (root->left) ( arr(top) = 0; printHCodes(root->left, arr, top + 1); ) if (root->right) ( arr(top) = 1; printHCodes(root->right, arr, top + 1); ) if (isLeaf(root)) ( printf(" %c | ", root->item); printArray(arr, top); ) ) // Wrapper function void HuffmanCodes(char item(), int freq(), int size) ( struct MinHNode *root = buildHuffmanTree(item, freq, size); int arr(MAX_TREE_HT), top = 0; printHCodes(root, arr, top); ) // Print the array void printArray(int arr(), int n) ( int i; for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) printf("%d", arr(i)); printf(""); ) int main() ( char arr() = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D'); int freq() = (5, 1, 6, 3); int size = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr(0)); printf(" Char | Huffman code "); printf("--------------------"); HuffmanCodes(arr, freq, size); )
// Huffman Coding in C++ #include using namespace std; #define MAX_TREE_HT 50 struct MinHNode ( unsigned freq; char item; struct MinHNode *left, *right; ); struct MinH ( unsigned size; unsigned capacity; struct MinHNode **array; ); // Creating Huffman tree node struct MinHNode *newNode(char item, unsigned freq) ( struct MinHNode *temp = (struct MinHNode *)malloc(sizeof(struct MinHNode)); temp->left = temp->right = NULL; temp->item = item; temp->freq = freq; return temp; ) // Create min heap using given capacity struct MinH *createMinH(unsigned capacity) ( struct MinH *minHeap = (struct MinH *)malloc(sizeof(struct MinH)); minHeap->size = 0; minHeap->capacity = capacity; minHeap->array = (struct MinHNode **)malloc(minHeap->capacity * sizeof(struct MinHNode *)); return minHeap; ) // Swap function void swapMinHNode(struct MinHNode **a, struct MinHNode **b) ( struct MinHNode *t = *a; *a = *b; *b = t; ) // Heapify void minHeapify(struct MinH *minHeap, int idx) ( int smallest = idx; int left = 2 * idx + 1; int right = 2 * idx + 2; if (left size && minHeap->array(left)->freq array(smallest)->freq) smallest = left; if (right size && minHeap->array(right)->freq array(smallest)->freq) smallest = right; if (smallest != idx) ( swapMinHNode(&minHeap->array(smallest), &minHeap->array(idx)); minHeapify(minHeap, smallest); ) ) // Check if size if 1 int checkSizeOne(struct MinH *minHeap) ( return (minHeap->size == 1); ) // Extract the min struct MinHNode *extractMin(struct MinH *minHeap) ( struct MinHNode *temp = minHeap->array(0); minHeap->array(0) = minHeap->array(minHeap->size - 1); --minHeap->size; minHeapify(minHeap, 0); return temp; ) // Insertion void insertMinHeap(struct MinH *minHeap, struct MinHNode *minHeapNode) ( ++minHeap->size; int i = minHeap->size - 1; while (i && minHeapNode->freq array((i - 1) / 2)->freq) ( minHeap->array(i) = minHeap->array((i - 1) / 2); i = (i - 1) / 2; ) minHeap->array(i) = minHeapNode; ) // BUild min heap void buildMinHeap(struct MinH *minHeap) ( int n = minHeap->size - 1; int i; for (i = (n - 1) / 2; i>= 0; --i) minHeapify(minHeap, i); ) int isLeaf(struct MinHNode *root) ( return !(root->left) && !(root->right); ) struct MinH *createAndBuildMinHeap(char item(), int freq(), int size) ( struct MinH *minHeap = createMinH(size); for (int i = 0; i array(i) = newNode(item(i), freq(i)); minHeap->size = size; buildMinHeap(minHeap); return minHeap; ) struct MinHNode *buildHfTree(char item(), int freq(), int size) ( struct MinHNode *left, *right, *top; struct MinH *minHeap = createAndBuildMinHeap(item, freq, size); while (!checkSizeOne(minHeap)) ( left = extractMin(minHeap); right = extractMin(minHeap); top = newNode('$', left->freq + right->freq); top->left = left; top->right = right; insertMinHeap(minHeap, top); ) return extractMin(minHeap); ) void printHCodes(struct MinHNode *root, int arr(), int top) ( if (root->left) ( arr(top) = 0; printHCodes(root->left, arr, top + 1); ) if (root->right) ( arr(top) = 1; printHCodes(root->right, arr, top + 1); ) if (isLeaf(root)) ( cout
Huffman Coding Complexity
The time complexity for encoding each unique character based on its frequency is O(nlog n).
Extracting minimum frequency from the priority queue takes place 2*(n-1) times and its complexity is O(log n). Thus the overall complexity is O(nlog n).
Huffman Coding Applications
- Huffman coding is used in conventional compression formats like GZIP, BZIP2, PKZIP, etc.
- For text and fax transmissions.
